Table of Contents
1 Introduction: Human Development and Air Quality
1.1 The Rising Tide of Air Pollution in Developing Countries
1.1.1 Energy use in industrial countries and implications for developing countries
1.1.2 Population growth in developing countries
1.1.3 Economic growth in developing countries
1.1.4 Growth in pollution sources in developing countries
1.2 Air Pollution and Its Association with Economic and Population Growth
1.2.1 The association of environmental damage with growth
1.2.2 The negative consequences on the economy and life style due to air pollution
1.3 Need to Address Air Quality Problems Sooner Rather than Later
1.3.1 Difficulty of correcting air quality problems once they develop
1.3.2 Life-style changes that are hard to reverse
1.3.3 The extra cost of unnecessary incremental steps to reduce air pollution
1.3.4 Making decisions with limited data
1.4 Solving air quality problems and examples of air quality management successes
1.4.1 Solve problems by reducing emissions
1.4.2 Presenting examples of successful problem solving
2 Air Quality and Health and Welfare
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 General issues of health effects (long-term (chronic) versus short-term (acute))
2.1.2 General issues of welfare impacts associated with air pollutants
2.1.3 Cost of air pollution to health and welfare
2.1.4 Discussion of approaches to estimate costs
2.2 Ozone
2.3 Particulate Matter
2.5 Nitrogen Oxides
2.6 Sulfur Oxides
2.7 Toxic Materials
2.8 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2.8.1 The Health and Welfare Risks of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
2.8.2 The Causes of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Global Carrying Capacity of Stratospheric Ozone Depleters
2.8.3 Sources of Further Reading
2.9 Global Warming
2.9.1 The Concept of Global Warming and Related Health and Welfare Risks
2.9.2 Key Components of Global Warming
2.9.3 Estimated Global Emission Rates and Global Carrying Capacity
2.9.4 Emission Rates Needed to Mitigate Global Warming in Light of World Population and Economic Increases
2.9.5 Sources of Further Reading
2.10 Methodologies and State of the Art for Quantifying the Health Impacts of Air Pollution
2.10.2 Key Approaches to Estimating the Health Benefits of Controlling Air Pollution
3 Developing a Framework for Effective Air Quality Management
3.3 Setting Air Quality Goals for a Region
3.4 Understanding Air Quality Levels in a Region
3.5 Understanding the Sources of Air Quality Problems
3.6 Developing an Air Quality Management Plan
3.7 Implementation of Air Quality Plans
4 Identifying Air Quality Problems
4.1 Air Quality Monitoring
4.1.1 Simple techniques for estimating air pollution levels of some pollutants
4.1.2 Sophisticated air quality monitoring techniques
4.1.3 Humans as monitors (carboxyhemoglobin measurement, lead measurment)
4.1.4 Personal exposure monitoring
4.1.5 Plants and Lichens as air monitors
4.1.6 Design of an air quality monitoring network
4.2 Toxics Monitoring
4.2.1 Simple techniques for estimating air toxic levels
4.2.2 Sophisticated air toxic monitoring
4.2.3 Design of an air toxics monitoring network
4.3 Epidemiological Studies
4.3.1 The epidemiological methodology
4.3.2 Locating information for epidemiological studies
4.3.3 Properly interpreting epidemiological data
4.4 Quality Assurance in Air Quality Monitoring
4.4.1 Need to assure data quality
4.4.2 Development of a quality assurance plan
5 Identifying Sources of Air Quality Problems
5.1 Source Apportionment Monitoring
5.1.1 Use of relative proportions of air pollutants to predict sources
5.1.2 Analysis of particulate data to predict sources
5.2 Looking for Pollution Fingerprints
5.2.1 Air pollution proportions to expect from different sources
5.3 Tracer Studies
5.3.1 Concept of tracer studies
5.3.2 Use of sulfur hexafluoride for tracer studies
6 Estimating Emissions from Sources of Air Pollution
6.1 Development of an Emissions Inventory
6.2 Estimating Emissions from On-Road Mobile Sources
6.3 Estimating Emissions from Off-Road Mobile Sources
7 Air Quality Modeling
7.1 Overview of Air Quality Modeling
7.2 Dispersion Modeling
7.3 Atmospheric Reaction Modeling
7.4 Third Generation Modeling
7.5 Air Quality Model Design and Simulation
7.6 Relevant Applications
8 Developing Emission Reduction Strategies
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Approach (reducing emissions is what produces cleaner air)
8.1.2 Levels of control (best available control technology, reasonably available control technology, etc.)
8.1.3 Control technology improvement drivers (technology forcing)
8.1.4 Assessing the costs of emission reduction strategies
8.2 On-Road Mobile Sources
8.2.7 Transportation management and rapid transit systems
8.2.8 State of technology for reducing emissions from on-road vehicles
8.2.9 The importance of fuel quality in supporting technology advancement
8.2.10 Clean fuels to replace gasoline and diesel fuel
8.2.11 Inspection and Maintenance programs to reduce vehicle pollution
8.3 Off-Road Mobile Sources
8.3.1 Airplanes and ground support
8.3.2 Trains and train yards
8.3.3 Shipping ports and ships operating near shore
8.3.4 Agricultural and Construction equipment
8.3.5 Portable electrical generators
8.4 Stationary Sources
8.4.1 Definition of a stationary source
8.4.2 Cement Manufacture
8.4.3 Electricity generation
8.4.4 Refineries
8.4.5 ETC.
8.4.6 ETC.
8.4.7 ETC.
8.5 Area Sources
8.5.1 Definition of an area source
8.5.2 Architectural surface coating
8.5.3 Consumer products
8.5.4 Cooking
8.5.5 Heating
8.5.6 Service stations
8.6 Market Based Strategies
8.6.1 Pros and cons of market based strategies
8.6.2 Cap and Trade emission reduction system
8.6.3 Regulatory based trading system
8.6.4 Use of taxes and fees to reduce emissions
8.7 Cost Benefit Analysis
9 Implementation of Air Quality Management Programs
9.1 Adoption of Control Measures
9.1.1 The general regulatory process
9.1.2 Concerns of regulated parties (addressing and overcoming)
9.1.3 Involving the public in the regulatory process
9.2 Commitment to Control
9.2.1 The importance of regulatory inevitability
9.2.2 Achieving successful emission reductions
9.3 Enforcement of Control Measures
9.3.1 Stationary source inspections and stack testing
9.3.2 On-Road mobile source manufacturer testing and in-use field testing
9.3.3 Area source inspections and manufacturer testing
9.4 Cross-Border Air Quality Problems
9.4.1 Developing an information transfer process
9.4.2 Routine meetings among control official
10 Fuels and Energy
10.1 Conventional Fuels (Group 1)
10.2 Alternative Fuels (Group 2)
11 Life-Cycle Analysis and Its Application to Air Quality Improvement
11.1 The purpose and form of life-cycle analysis and industrial ecology
11.1.1 The general approach to life-cycle analysis
11.1.2 Key issues to consider in life-cycle analysis
11.2 Examples of life-cycle analysis
11.2.1 The global warming impact of ethanol fuels
11.2.2 The energy cost of computer production and use
12 Building Capacity, Involving Stakeholders, and Reaching the Public
12.1 Building capacity to support air quality improvement programs
12.2 The importance of stakeholder and public Involvement
12.3 The Internet
12.3.1 Getting ideas out
12.3.2 Public feedback
12.4 Labeling
12.4.1 Consumer product labeling
12.4.2 Signs and announcements posted at retail outlets
12.5 Advertisements
12.5.1 Newspaper, radio, and television advertisements
12.6 Movie Trailers
12.6.1 Use of ads in movie theaters
12.7 Public Events
12.7.1 Establishment of public events to raise awareness
12.7.2 Use of existing public events to raise awareness
12.7.3 Examples of successful public events (Earthday)
12.8 Voluntary Programs
12.8.1 Use of volunteers in supporting air quality improvement efforts
12.8.2 Interactions with NGO interested in air pollution
12.8.3 Examples of international NGOs that could be valuable contacts
13 Policy Development and Organization
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Capacity Building
13.3 Broad Stakeholder Involvement (including NGOs)
13.4 Having a long term vision
13.5 Seeing the big picture
14 Temporary Chapter
15 We are Adding a Chapter
15.1
15.1.1
16